The American Psychiatric Association (APA) removed schizophrenia subtypes from the DSM-5 because they did not appear to be helpful for providing better-targeted treatment or predicting treatment response (Frankenburg & Xiong, 2021). Children born in the winter months may be at greater risk for developing schizophrenia (Frankenburg & Xiong, 2021). Obstetric complications may also be associated with a higher incidence of schizophrenia. Women who are malnourished or who have certain viral illnesses during pregnancy may be at greater risk of giving birth to children who later develop schizophrenia. If both parents have schizophrenia, the risk of their child is 40% (Frankenburg & Xiong, 2021). The risk of schizophrenia in first-degree relatives of persons with schizophrenia is 10%. The risk of schizophrenia is elevated in biological relatives of persons with schizophrenia but not in adopted relatives. There are at least two sets of risk factors for schizophrenia: genetic and perinatal. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.These include depression, social withdrawal, unable to concentrate, hostility or suspiciousness, poor expressions of emotions, insomnia, lack of personal hygiene, or odd beliefs.Īccording to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5), two or more of the following symptoms must be present for a significant portion of time during a one-month period: The most common early warning signs of schizophrenia are usually detected until adolescence. The diagnosis of schizophrenia is clinical, made exclusively after obtaining a full psychiatric history and excluding other causes of psychosis (Hany et al., 2023). Traditionally, symptoms have been divided into two main categories: positive symptoms, which include hallucinations, delusions, and formal thought disorders, and negative symptoms such as anhedonia, poverty of speech, and lack of motivation (Hany et al., 2023). Schizophrenia refers to a group of severe, disabling psychiatric disorders marked by withdrawal from reality, illogical thinking, possible delusions and hallucinations, and emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbance. Administer Medications and Provide Pharmacologic Support Initiating Patient Education and Health Teachings Improving Thought Organization and Reality Orientation Establishing Therapeutic Relationships and Promoting Therapeutic Communication This article explores the essential assessment, nursing diagnosis, goals, interventions for schizophrenia and offers practical guidance on how to manage this condition effectively. Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder that requires comprehensive assessment and care planning.
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